Articles Posted in Civil Litigation

underwood-judgments-name-fiduciary-300x300Yes. Judgments should properly name the fiduciary in their representative capacity when the fiduciary is involved in legal proceedings on behalf of a trust, estate, or other entity. Fiduciaries, such as trustees or executors hold a position of legal responsibility to manage and protect the interests of the beneficiaries or estate that they represent. Ensuring that fiduciaries are properly named and identified in their representative capacity clarifies their role in the proceeding and helps eliminate confusion about personal and official liability. Overall, properly naming fiduciaries in their representative capacity safeguards the fiduciary and the trust or estate they manage by providing clear understanding of the fiduciary’s duties and limitations.  

What is a Fiduciary? 

A fiduciary is an individual who assumes a position of legal responsibility to act in their client’s best interests. This role includes serving their client as a personal representative, guardian, trustee, conservator, attorney-in-fact, or custodian under the California Uniform Transfers to Minors Act. (Prob. Code, § 39.) The fiduciary relationship begins when the individual starts acting on behalf of the client for the client’s benefit. 

underwood-trustee-distribute-assets-300x300In California, the typical trust administration takes between 12 to 18 months to complete. The process can take significantly less time, ranging between 4 to 5 months, when distribution terms are straightforward. Oppositely, the distribution time frame can also take longer than 18 months depending on factors, like outstanding debts or real estate sales, which can cause significant delays in the distribution process. Ultimately, the asset distribution timeline relies heavily on the complexity of the estate and the trustee’s ability to carry out the trust’s terms. 

What is a Trust?

A trust is a legal arrangement designed by the trust creator (also commonly known as the “Settlor”, “Grantor”, “Trustor”) to appoint a third-party (“Trustee”) to hold and distribute the trust assets to the trust’s designated beneficiary(ies). Distribution of trust assets most commonly occurs after the grantor’s death. A grantor creates a trust by placing a collection of assets and liabilities in the trustee’s control for the benefit of one or more beneficiaries. Once executed, a trust creates a fiduciary relationship with the trustee. (Jo Redland Trust, U.A.D. 4-6-05 v. CIT Bank, N.A., 92 Cal.App.5th 142.) A trustee is necessary to administer trusts because the nature of the trust’s fiduciary relationship with the property prevents the trust from suing or being sued, holding title to property, owning property, and entering contracts. (Portico Management Group, LLC v. Harrison, 202 Cal.App.4th 464, 473; Greenspan v. LADT, LLC, 191 Cal.App.4th 486, 521.) 

underwood-guide-to-civil-discovery-probate-300x300Discovery is an important tool for parties in a lawsuit to get information to prepare for trial and to decide what issues to focus on in a case. In California, the rules governing discovery are laid out in the Civil Discovery Act in Title 4 of the Code of Civil Procedure. These discovery rules apply to civil lawsuits and special proceedings of a civil nature (Code Civ. Proc. § 2035) Probate proceedings are special proceedings, so these discovery procedures are equally applicable. (Estate of Joseph (1897) 118 Cal. 660, 663.) This is important because it allows parties to use deadlines and other discovery tools to their advantage in a probate proceeding.

The Civil Discovery Act applies to probate proceedings and disputes. (Prob. Code § 1000(a).) The normal rules of discovery in civil actions apply, and as such the same discovery procedures are available for use in probate court. (Forthmann v. Boyer (2002) 97 Cal.App.4th 977, 987.) One part of probate proceedings is marshalling assets, which involves locating and taking inventory of a decedent’s assets. A representative may suspect third persons are withholding property or have knowledge about property, special discovery procedures can be used to require the third party to answer relevant questions. (Prob. Code § 8870-8873.) 

In probate court, any time requirements laid out in the discovery act begin to run after service of petition and notice of hearing. (Prob. Code, § 1000(b).) This means a petitioner in a proceeding can begin discovery regarding parties and nonparties once a petition is filed. (Morris Stulsaft Foundation v. Superior Court In and For City and County of San Francisco (1966) 245 Cal. App. 2d 409, 415.) If they use it strategically, parties can rely on the Code of Civil Procedure to give them an advantage. 

underwood-law-probate-overbid-process-300x300Probate sales are a unique real estate opportunity for buyers to purchase real property from the court after its owner died. Probate sales involve court confirmation hearings, during which an auction can result in an original purchase offer to be overbid by a new, higher, one. This auction is called the Probate Overbid Process. Probate sales and the Probate Overbid Process are often time-consuming, complex, and competitive, but offer buyers an opportunity to purchase property below market value. This article explores the probate sale and overbid process to help navigate the complex legal issues that might arise throughout each process. 

What is a Probate Sale?

A Probate Sale is the legal process in which a deceased person’s property is sold to pay taxes and outstanding debts before distributing the deceased person’s remaining property to their heirs. A probate sale of real property occurs in various ways and are often facilitated by the court and a personal representative. A personal representative is the individual appointed to manage the deceased person’s estate throughout the probate process. (Prob. Code, § 58.) 

underwood-elder-abuse-dependent-restraining-order-300x300The purpose of this article is to explain what an elder abuse restraining order is and why it is important. This type of restraining order prevents abuse against elder or dependent adults. (Cal Wel. & Inst. Code § 15657.03(a)(1).) The requirements to obtain this restraining order are laid out in the California Welfare and Institutions Code.

What are the requirements to get this type of restraining order?

To be eligible for this type of restraining order the person seeking it must be 65 years or older to qualify as an “elderly person.” To qualify as a “dependent adult” the person must be between the ages of 18 and 64 and have physical or mental limitations which restrict their ability to do normal activities and protect their rights. This applies whether they live independently or in an inpatient 24-hour health facility. For example, the facility could be a nursing home. This type of restraining order similarly applies if the diminished physical or mental ability is due to their age. (Cal Wel. & Inst. Code § 15610.23) Someone can file for a restraining order on behalf of an abused elder or dependent adult who has legal authority to seek such relief. This could be as their conservator, trustee, guardian, or acting in power of attorney. (White v. Davis (2023) 87 Cal.App.5th 270, 285.)

underwood-motion-limine-300x300Motions in Limine are designed to facilitate case management before trial starts because taking a case to trial is an extremely evidence intensive process. Understanding how you can use Motions in Limine to protect and strengthen your case before trial starts is an important step to preparing your strongest case. 

What is a Motion in Limine? 

Motions in Limine are pre-trial motions used to exclude evidence. (Ca. Motions in Limine § 1:1.) In English, “Motion in Limine” means “at the threshold” or “in the beginning.” Accordingly, Motions in Limine are used to decide difficult evidentiary issues, or exclude unduly prejudicial or irrelevant evidence, before trial starts. (Id.) Motions in Limine protect parties from evidence being presented to the jury which damages their case, without any rational need for the evidence in the present proceeding. This is a necessary protection because attempts to “unring the bell” after evidence has been presented to the jury are obviously ineffective. (Blanks v. Shaw (2009) 171 Cal.App.4th 336.) 

underwood-fiduciary-duty-300x300A fiduciary duty is a special kind of professional relationship that forms between an individual or entity and their client. California recognizes many types of fiduciary relationships; each carrying its own duties and expectations. Understanding how fiduciary relationships function, under what circumstances they are established, and how they can be violated will help you better protect yourself when navigating these professional relationships. 

What is a Fiduciary?

A fiduciary is an individual who holds a special position of legal responsibility to their client, as a personal representative, guardian, trustee, conservator, attorney-in-fact, or custodian under the California Uniform Transfer to Minors Act, or any other applicable legal representative. (Prob. Code., § 39.) Fiduciary relationships commence when the fiduciary begins acting on behalf of their client for the client’s benefit.  

underwood-law-putative-spouse-300x300In California, spouses and registered domestic partners are afforded specific legal protections because of their status as a “spouse” or “registered partner.” A putative spouse is different from an actual marriage and a registered domestic partnership but exists to provide the same protections in specific circumstances. The Putative Spouse Doctrine protects Putative Spouses when their marriage or registered domestic partnerships turns out to be invalid. Understanding what a putative spouse is will help ensure your property and interests are protected in the unfortunate circumstance that your marriage or registered domestic partnership is invalid. 

What Is a Putative Spouse?

A putative spouse is an individual who holds a good-faith belief that they are married to their spouse or are registered as domestic partners, when they are not in fact married or registered under California law. The Putative Spouse Doctrine codified in Family Code Section 2251 provides the good-faith spouse the ability to share in the benefits of property obtained during the relationship in a manner equivalent to that of community property. (Miller and Starr California Real Estate (4th Ed.) 4 Cal. Real Est. § 11:36.) 

underwood-guide-to-liquidated-damages-300x300In many contracts, the parties know that one person will be harmed if the other one breaches, but also realize that damage would be hard to calculate. So, what is a person to do to protect themselves from loss while also living their life in a way to pursue their goal? How can the law help people in that situation? 

In California, liquidated damages are designed to provide compensation if a hired party fails to perform their job by setting out the specific amount of damages that will be paid if a contract is breached. Liquidated damages are not intended to punish the breaching party. Understanding the purpose and function of liquidated damages will help ensure compensation is available when damages suffered are difficult to prove. 

What are Liquidated Damages?

Contact Information