underwood-what-is-commercial-real-estate-300x300Commercial real estate is property being operated to generate business revenue through rental income or capital gains. Because it is meant to generate revenue if it is residential property, it must be used as rental housing to still be considered commercial real estate. It is not personal property. 

Commercial real estate may have multiple uses, like stores and offices or stores and residential property. Under California’s Civil Code, commercial real estate is treated separately from residential real estate. Commercial real estate buyers are presumed to be more experienced and sophisticated in their transactions. This is also because they are usually represented by an agent or broker who represents only their interests. (Easton v. Strassburger (1984) 152 Cal.App.3d 90, 103 fn 8.) Generally, a seller via their broker is required to disclose all facts materially affecting the value or desirability of the property to the purchaser (Civ. Code, § 2079.) This is called the transfer disclosure law. However, this only applies buildings with four or fewer dwellings, so the “transfer disclosure law” usually does not apply to commercial real estate. 

With mixed use properties it may apply depending on the “sophistication” of the buyer. (Richman v. Hartley (2014) 224 Cal.App.4th 1182, 1189–1190.) There is less protection for commercial tenants, like businesses occupying commercial real estate. Commercial tenants are considered to be “differently situated” than residential tenants. (Civ. Code, § 1993.04) Commercial tenants are more likely to have resources if the need arises to vacate the rental premises.

underwood-judgments-name-fiduciary-300x300Yes. Judgments should properly name the fiduciary in their representative capacity when the fiduciary is involved in legal proceedings on behalf of a trust, estate, or other entity. Fiduciaries, such as trustees or executors hold a position of legal responsibility to manage and protect the interests of the beneficiaries or estate that they represent. Ensuring that fiduciaries are properly named and identified in their representative capacity clarifies their role in the proceeding and helps eliminate confusion about personal and official liability. Overall, properly naming fiduciaries in their representative capacity safeguards the fiduciary and the trust or estate they manage by providing clear understanding of the fiduciary’s duties and limitations.  

What is a Fiduciary? 

A fiduciary is an individual who assumes a position of legal responsibility to act in their client’s best interests. This role includes serving their client as a personal representative, guardian, trustee, conservator, attorney-in-fact, or custodian under the California Uniform Transfers to Minors Act. (Prob. Code, § 39.) The fiduciary relationship begins when the individual starts acting on behalf of the client for the client’s benefit. 

underwood-guide-dividing-property-appreciation-300x300Dividing property following divorce or dissolution proceedings can be complicated under family law principles. If the property has appreciated in value, this can make dividing it more contentious and complicated. 

Under family law, a married couple’s earnings received during marriage are considered community property and are divided evenly at divorce. (Cal. Fam. Code § 770-772.) Property that is held in joint title by the spouses is usually considered community property and will be divided as such, meaning 50/50. (Cal. Fam. Code § 2581.) Property can also be converted to joint title if one spouse held it separately before the marriage. This presumption that the property is community property applies absent a written agreement otherwise. Couples can also execute an Aufmuth agreement which essentially states the spouse contributing separately gets a pro rata share in the increased equity of the property or asset. (Cal. Fam. Code § 852.) This ensures the spouse does not just get a flat reimbursement of the amount they paid.

How is Community and Separate Property Divided?

underwood-broker-opinion-value-300x300In determining the value of property, a property owner can seek out a broker’s opinion of value. A broker’s opinion of value, also caller a broker’s price opinion is an assessment of a property’s value. This assessment is done by a real estate broker, often for free to get the property owner’s business.

Broker’s Opinion of Value

A broker’s price opinion is often considered a personal opinion, not a representation of fact. So, it is a cost-effective way to determine value but cannot be relied on to get a loan. The price opinion covers anything that is an estimate prepared by a real estate broker, agent, or salesperson detailing the probable sales price of a price of property. The price opinion will provide a varying level of detail about the property’s condition, market, neighborhood, or comparable sales. (12 U.S.C. § 3355(b).) A broker’s price opinion will not include an automated valuation model. (12 U.S.C. § 3355(c).) An automated valuation model is a computer program that offers an estimated property value on searched properties commonly used on online real estate marketplaces. Federal statute dictates a broker’s price opinion cannot be used as the primary basis to determine a property’s value for originating a mortgage loan secured on a piece of property. (12 U.S.C. § 3355.) So, while a broker’s price opinion cannot be the basis for a loan, their opinion is still valuable. As such, brokers are held to a higher standard of care.

underwood-trustee-distribute-assets-300x300In California, the typical trust administration takes between 12 to 18 months to complete. The process can take significantly less time, ranging between 4 to 5 months, when distribution terms are straightforward. Oppositely, the distribution time frame can also take longer than 18 months depending on factors, like outstanding debts or real estate sales, which can cause significant delays in the distribution process. Ultimately, the asset distribution timeline relies heavily on the complexity of the estate and the trustee’s ability to carry out the trust’s terms. 

What is a Trust?

A trust is a legal arrangement designed by the trust creator (also commonly known as the “Settlor”, “Grantor”, “Trustor”) to appoint a third-party (“Trustee”) to hold and distribute the trust assets to the trust’s designated beneficiary(ies). Distribution of trust assets most commonly occurs after the grantor’s death. A grantor creates a trust by placing a collection of assets and liabilities in the trustee’s control for the benefit of one or more beneficiaries. Once executed, a trust creates a fiduciary relationship with the trustee. (Jo Redland Trust, U.A.D. 4-6-05 v. CIT Bank, N.A., 92 Cal.App.5th 142.) A trustee is necessary to administer trusts because the nature of the trust’s fiduciary relationship with the property prevents the trust from suing or being sued, holding title to property, owning property, and entering contracts. (Portico Management Group, LLC v. Harrison, 202 Cal.App.4th 464, 473; Greenspan v. LADT, LLC, 191 Cal.App.4th 486, 521.) 

underwood-california-business-search-300x300California businesses are required to register with the Secretary of State to legally conduct business in the state. The specific requirements a business must meet when registering with the Secretary of State vary depending on the type of business, but all businesses, regardless of type are required to file a Statement of Information. If the registering business is a Limited Liability Company, Corporation, or Limited Partnership, its Statement of Information will appear in public searches on the California Secretary of State Website. The California Secretary of State’s public business search platform is intended to ensure uniform legal compliance of all businesses operating in California while providing free public access to the information.  

What is a State of California Business Search?

A California Business search is a free online tool provided by the California Secretary of State that provides the public with information about entities registered with the Secretary of State. The Secretary of State public search platform specifically provides information on corporations, limited liability companies, and limited partnerships. 

underwood-guide-to-civil-discovery-probate-300x300Discovery is an important tool for parties in a lawsuit to get information to prepare for trial and to decide what issues to focus on in a case. In California, the rules governing discovery are laid out in the Civil Discovery Act in Title 4 of the Code of Civil Procedure. These discovery rules apply to civil lawsuits and special proceedings of a civil nature (Code Civ. Proc. § 2035) Probate proceedings are special proceedings, so these discovery procedures are equally applicable. (Estate of Joseph (1897) 118 Cal. 660, 663.) This is important because it allows parties to use deadlines and other discovery tools to their advantage in a probate proceeding.

The Civil Discovery Act applies to probate proceedings and disputes. (Prob. Code § 1000(a).) The normal rules of discovery in civil actions apply, and as such the same discovery procedures are available for use in probate court. (Forthmann v. Boyer (2002) 97 Cal.App.4th 977, 987.) One part of probate proceedings is marshalling assets, which involves locating and taking inventory of a decedent’s assets. A representative may suspect third persons are withholding property or have knowledge about property, special discovery procedures can be used to require the third party to answer relevant questions. (Prob. Code § 8870-8873.) 

In probate court, any time requirements laid out in the discovery act begin to run after service of petition and notice of hearing. (Prob. Code, § 1000(b).) This means a petitioner in a proceeding can begin discovery regarding parties and nonparties once a petition is filed. (Morris Stulsaft Foundation v. Superior Court In and For City and County of San Francisco (1966) 245 Cal. App. 2d 409, 415.) If they use it strategically, parties can rely on the Code of Civil Procedure to give them an advantage. 

underwood-law-probate-overbid-process-300x300Probate sales are a unique real estate opportunity for buyers to purchase real property from the court after its owner died. Probate sales involve court confirmation hearings, during which an auction can result in an original purchase offer to be overbid by a new, higher, one. This auction is called the Probate Overbid Process. Probate sales and the Probate Overbid Process are often time-consuming, complex, and competitive, but offer buyers an opportunity to purchase property below market value. This article explores the probate sale and overbid process to help navigate the complex legal issues that might arise throughout each process. 

What is a Probate Sale?

A Probate Sale is the legal process in which a deceased person’s property is sold to pay taxes and outstanding debts before distributing the deceased person’s remaining property to their heirs. A probate sale of real property occurs in various ways and are often facilitated by the court and a personal representative. A personal representative is the individual appointed to manage the deceased person’s estate throughout the probate process. (Prob. Code, § 58.) 

underwood-title-determinative-300x300In California, title is determinative in some instances. This means that a court’s characterization of property in a marital dissolution proceeding determines the division of the property between spouses. How a property is titled may also affect the property’s protection from creditors, taxes, and the probate process. Understanding how and when title is determinative is important because married individuals may hold title in various forms affecting their interests in dissolutions. 

What is a Property Title?

A title is not a physical document given to individuals who acquire interest in property. Instead, a property title is a legal concept made up of various documents, like deeds and surveys, that represent various rights inherent in the ownership of real property. It is important to distinguish the difference between a Title and a Deed. Title refers to the concept of legal ownership of property. Oppositely, a deed is the physical document that transfers legal ownership of the property. In short, deeds help establish title. 

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