Underwood-Blog-Images-1-300x300In California, most real estate is held either as marital property, as a tenancy in partnership, as joint tenants, or as tenants-in-common. While holding titles as spouses or in a partnership is relatively straightforward, questions frequently arise as to the differences between “co-tenants” and “tenants-in-common.” This article will explore the difference between the second type of ways of holding titles between unmarried individuals, which is generally known as “co-tenancy.” (Civ. Code § 682.) 

How is a joint tenancy created in real estate? 

Generally, creating and maintaining a joint tenancy is much more difficult than creating a tenancy in common. First, a joint tenancy exists only when the “four unities” are concurrently present in the estate: the unity of interest, unity of time, unity of title, and unity of possession. (Tenhet, 18 Cal.3d 150, 155.) Second, by statute, a joint tenancy exists “when expressly declared in the will or transferred to be a joint tenancy.” (CCP § 683.) 

Underwood-Blog-Images-1-1-300x300Yes. Partnership property is subject to partition on the dissolution, accounting, and wind-up of partnership matters, just like other types of property. As real estate presents unique issues, however, there are many important things to know about the process to ensure that it is done correctly. The purpose of this blog post is to address some of the issues involved with partitioning property belonging to a partnership. 

What is a Partnership? 

Partnerships are a type of corporate entity with its own set of rules and regulations. By code, a partnership is born by the association of two or more individuals to carry on as co-owners of a business for profit, whether or not the persons intended to form a partnership. (Corp. Code § 16202.) 

Underwood-Blog-Images-2-300x300Yes. A party may be able to receive credits and/or offsets for upgrading a property in a partition action under many circumstances. In a partition lawsuit, two parties disagree about what to do with the jointly-owned property. 

In those circumstances, one party can seek the sale of the property and then have the equity divided between all of the owners. Once the property is sold, the parties can make claims to the money left from the proceeds from the house.   

One issue that often arises, however, is whether an improvement to the property—as opposed to a repair—is subject to an offset as part of the partition action. For example, if one party remodels a bathroom, would they have the right to an offset for that work? 

Underwood-Blog-Images-3-300x300 Shareholder derivative suits are lawsuits that allow and assist shareholders in bringing legal action against the board of directors or officers in a corporate entity for illegal action. 

Read on to find out about the relationship between shareholders and derivative suits.

What is a shareholder?

A lawyer holding her gravel with documents on her desks and beside her is someone holding lots of money.
Yes. But it is a complex affair. Eminent Domain proceedings take on a unique structure with expert testimony as the backbone for the determination of fair market value. Neither side of the litigation has the burden of proof on this issue of just compensation, and unlike the traditional civil court case, the Defendant presents their evidence first. (Code. Civ. Proc. § 1260.210.)

Additionally, judges will often place limits on what a homeowner may testify to and can screen the witness beforehand to ensure that they’ll be employing a valid methodology on the stand. Taken as a whole, the process can be quite daunting to the layperson. This post will therefore look at the common issues and questions which arise regarding testimony in eminent domain.

The Importance of Testimony in Eminent Domain Proceedings

A lawyer writing on a paperwork on his desk in front of his client.Partition by a private sale is a method of selling jointly owned property, either by joint tenants or tenants in common,  under the court’s supervision via a court order or a court-ordered referee. 

What is a partition lawsuit?

A partition action or a partition lawsuit is when one co-owner, or when one person with interest in the property wants to sell the property, but the other co-owners or others with interest in the property do not want to sell their ownership rights. 

Two lawyers having an agreement and signing a paperwork.Receivers and partitions referees are cut from the same cloth. In actions involving property, they step in at the request of the parties or order of the court to properly dispose of or manage the property at issue. Their roles are to act as a third party with no ties to any of the co-owners interests in property via a partition lawsuit and to help the court and the judge to distribute the property or proceeds from the sale of the property fairly and equitably. That said, there are enough differences between the two to warrant litigants being put on notice. 

At the Underwood Law Firm, our attorneys encounter both partition referees and receivers on a regular basis. We are well-versed in their appointment, associated costs, timelines, and the procedure they become involved in. As such, potential litigants should not hesitate to contact our office so that our team can begin helping you achieve your litigation goals. 

What is a Partition Referee? 

A lawyer on his desk signing a document.When there is a court-ordered partition by division, there are several steps that both the court and parties take to ensure that the property is physically divided both equally and equitably. Read on to find out the different avenues the court takes when deciding a partition by division lawsuit. 

How does the Court Account for partition by Division?

First, the court operates on the assumed guideline that all parties should have the property divided in the most equal and equitable ways possible. The court in the Canepari v. Pascale court case found that there is a rebuttable presumption that the partitioned property should be equally divided. This means that if each co-owner or tenant holds a 50 percent interest in the property, then the property in question is divided as physically possible to a 50/50 divide. 

A courtroom full of empty chairs.Generally speaking, no, jury trials are not available in partition actions because partition action lawsuits are generally based on equity and therefore do not need a jury trial to decide each party’s rights.

However, in some specific scenarios, it is within the court’s discretion to allow factual issues or claims to the property to be heard by a jury in an equitable action, as is the plaintiff’s constitutional right. Read on to find out the avenues in which jury trials are available for those seeking or defending partition action lawsuits. 

What is a partition action?

Books stacked on a desk with a lawyer's gravel.Pre-judgment interests are accrued interests on judgment amounts. Eminent domain is when the government “takes” private property for the public’s use and then owes fair and just compensation to the original private property owners. An eminent domain award is the court-ordered judgment amount that is based on the fair market value of the property owed to the private property owner. 

Generally speaking, eminent domain awards must be paid out to the private property owner before a property’s title can be transferred or the government can take physical possession of the property. Read on to understand what both pre-judgment interests are and eminent domain awards contain.

What is a pre-judgment interest?

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